香港六合彩挂牌资料

My research interests focus on the role of natural selection in population adaptation and divergence, to which I apply a wide range of methods including multivariate morphometrics, statistical hypothesis-testing, innovative field experiments and genome analysis. I have two main areas of research on disparate organisms in different geographical regions (Anolis lizards in the Caribbean and Asian pit vipers), which are unified by being essentially focussed on the interface between evolution and ecology, and with an emphasis on the integration of genetic and phenetic data. More recently, my research has moved into the field of ecological and evolutionary genomics to evaluate the evolution of genes affecting complex traits directly and relies on the availability of a well-supported and complete organismal phylogeny of Asian pitvipers generated by my students and myself. Drawing on numerous collaborations to bring together disparate strands of organismal biology and ecology, evolutionary theory, comparative genomics, bioinformatics and proteomics, I aim to develop an integrated picture of the evolution of snake venom components.

Another strand to this research on venomous snakes involves snakebite mitigation, and I am currently involved in several projects in India, dubbed the "snakebite capital of the world", where c. 50,000 people die from snakebite every year and many more suffer permanent disability. Together with partners in India, our work ranges from mapping the distribution and genetic and venom variation present in venomous species across the country, to undertaking rescuer training and education and awareness programs. We are particularly focussing on the Himalayan and northeastern region, which belong to biodiversity "hotspots" but are relatively understudied. The venomous species in these regions are diferent to the rest of the country, and are not covered by the currently available polyvalent antivenom.

I am also involved in research on the genetic health of honeybees and other pollinators, together with colleague Dr Paul Cross. We are part of the recently formed research network on British dark bee conservation that includes researchers from Plymouth University, National University of Ireland (Galway), and the University of Edinburgh.聽

• PhD: What causes geographic variation? A case study of Anolis oculatus
  University of Aberdeen, 1988鈥�1992
• Zoology (with supplementary Anthropology)
  Oxford University, 1985鈥�1988

2023

• Published
  Talukdar, A., Malhotra, A., Lalremsanga, H. T., Santra, V. & Doley, R., Mar 2023, In: Journal of Proteins and Proteomics. 14, 1, p. 61-76
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Biazkula, L., Lalremsanga, H., Santra, V., Dhara, A., Ahmed, M. T., Mallick, Z., Kuttalam, S. R., Amarasinghe, A. A. T. & Malhotra, A., 4 Feb 2023, In: Scientific Reports. 13, 1, 14 p., 2061.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Deka, A., Bhatia, S., Santra, V., Bharti, O., Lalremsanga, H., Martin, G., W眉ster, W., Owens, J. B., Graham, S., Doley, R. & Malhotra, A., 1 Apr 2023, In: Toxins. 15, 4, 24 p.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Thorpe, R. & Malhotra, A., 20 Sept 2023, In: Caribbean Herpetology. 88, 88, p. 1-14 14 p., 88.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Fletcher, J., Malhotra, A. & W眉ster, W., 1 Jul 2023, In: Herpetological Journal. 33, 3, p. 83-87 5 p.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2022

• Published
  Ramana, L., Mathapati, S. S., Salvi, N., Khadilkar, M. V., Malhotra, A., Santra, V. & Sharma, T. K., 21 Feb 2022, In: Analyst. 147, 4, p. 685-694
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Kuttalam, S. R., Santra, V., Owens, J. B., Ahmed, M. T., Bharti, O., Selvan, M., Mukherjee, N. & Malhotra, A., Oct 2022, In: Hamadryad. 39, 1-2, p. 85-88
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Kuttalam, S. R., Santra, V., Owens, J. B., Selvan, M., Mukherjee, N., Graham, S., Togridou, A., Bharti, O., Shi, J., Shanker, K. & Malhotra, A., 13 Dec 2022, In: European Journal of Taxanomy. 852, 1, p. 1-30 30 p., 1.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A., Graham, S., Owens, J. B., Bharti, O. & Santra, V., 31 Aug 2022, In: Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 17, 2, p. 331鈥�342
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Guttierrez, J. M., Borri, J., Giles-Vernick, T., Duda, R., Habib, A. G., Malhotra, A., Martin, G., Pintor, A. F. V., Potet, J., Scott, T., Bolon, I. & de Castaneda, R. R., 17 Nov 2022, In: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 16, 11, p. e0010897 e0010897.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Kuttalam, S. R., Santra, V., Das, B., Koley, A., Dhara, A., Owens, J. B., Barlow, A. & Malhotra, A., 19 Nov 2022.
  Research output: Contribution to conference 鈥� Poster

2021

• Published
  Anand, A., Chatterjee, B., Dhiman, A., Goel, R., Khan, E., Malhotra, A., Santra, V., Salvi, N., Bhatnagar, I., Kumar, A., Asthana, A. & Sharma, T. K., 1 Dec 2021, In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 193, 113523.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Shi, J.-S., Liu, J.-C., Giri, R., Owens, J. B., Santra, V., Kuttalam, S. R., Selvan, M., Guo, K.-J. & Malhotra, A., 4 Oct 2021, In: ZooKeys. 1061, 1061, p. 87-108 22 p.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A., W眉ster, W., Owens, J. B., Hodges, C. W., Jesudasan, A., Ch, G., Kartik, A., Christopher, P., Louies, J., Naik, H., Santra, V., Kuttalam, S. R., Attre, S., Sasa, M., Bravo-Vega, C. & Murray, K. A., 1 Nov 2021, In: Toxicon: X. 12, November 2021, 18 p., 10081.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2019

• Published
  Santra, V., Owens, J. B., Graham, S., W眉ster, W., Kuttalam, S. R., Bharti, O., Selvan, M., Mukherjee, N. & Malhotra, A., 1 Dec 2019, In: Herpetological Bulletin. 150, p. 26-28
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Guo, P., Liu, Q., Zhu, F., Zhong, G. H., Che, J., Wang, P., Xie, Y. L., Murphy, R. W. & Malhotra, A., Apr 2019, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 133, p. 82-91
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Trogridou, A., Graham, S., Santra, V., Owens, J. B., Bharti, O. & Malhotra, A., 2019, In: Episthmes Agogis . p. 75-96
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2018

• Published
  Malhotra, A. & Vasudevan, K., Apr 2018, 6 p.
  Research output: Other contribution
• Published
  Thorpe, R., Barlow, A., Surget-Groba, Y. & Malhotra, A., Oct 2018, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127, p. 682-695
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Dhiman, A., Anand, A., Malhotra, A., Khan, E., Santra, V., Kumar, A. & Sharma, T. K., 12 Dec 2018, In: Scientific Reports. 8, 17795.
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2015

• Published
  Mrinalini, M., Thorpe, R. S., Creer, S., Lallias, D. S., Dawnay, L., Stuart, B. L. & Malhotra, A., 8 Jul 2015, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 92, p. 266-279
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A., Creer, S., Harris, J. B. & Thorpe, R. S., 7 Sept 2015, In: Toxicon. 107, Part B, p. 344-358
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Thorpe, R. S., Barlow, A., Malhotra, A. & Surget-Groba, Y., 16 Feb 2015, In: Molecular Ecology. 24, 5, p. 1019-1030
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2013

• Published
  Malhotra, A., Creer, S., Harris, J. B., St枚cklin, R., Favereau, P. & Thorpe, R. S., 3 Jul 2013, In: Toxicon. 72, p. 113-125
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  B枚hm, M., Collen, B., Baillie, J. E., Bowles, P., Chanson, J., Cox, N., Hammerson, G., Hoffmann, M., Livingstone, S. R., Ram, M., Rhodin, A. G., Stuart, S. N., van Dijk, P. P., Young, B. E., Afuang, L. E., Aghasyan, A., Garc铆a, A., Aguilar, C., Ajtic, R., Akarsu, F., Alencar, L. R., Allison, A., Ananjeva, N., Anderson, S., Andr茅n, C., Ariano-S谩nchez, D., Arredondo, J. C., Auliya, M., Austin, C. C., Avci, A., Baker, P. J., Barreto-Lima, A. F., Barrio-Amor贸s, C. L., Basu, D., Bates, M. F., Batistella, A., Bauer, A., Bennett, D., B枚hme, W., Broadley, D., Brown, R., Burgess, J., Captain, A., Carreira, S., del Rosario Casta帽eda, M., Castro, F., Catenazzi, A., Cede帽o-V谩zquez, J. R., Chapple, D. G., Cheylan, M., Cisneros-Heredia, D. F., Cogalniceanu, D., Cogger, H., Corti, C., Costa, G. C., Couper, P. J., Courtney, T., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Crochet, P. A., Crother, B., Cruz, F., Daltry, J. C., Daniels, R. J., Das, A., de Silva, A., Diesmos, A. C., Dirksen, L., Doan, T. M., Dodd Jr., C. K., Doody, J. S., Dorcas, M. E., de Barros Filho, J. D., Egan, V. T., El Mouden, E. H., Embert, D., Espinoza, R. E., Fallabrino, A., Feng, X., Feng, S. J., Fitzgerald, L., Flores-Villela, O., Fran莽a, F. G., Frost, D., Gadsden, H., Gamble, T., Ganesh, S. R., Garcia, M. A., Garc铆a-P茅rez, J. E., Gatuscm, J., Gaulke, M., Geniez, P., Georges, A., Gerlach, J., Goldberg, S., Gonzale, J. C., Gower, D. J., Grant, T., Greenbaum, E., Grieco, C., Guo, P., Hamilton, A. M., Hare, K., Hedges, S. B., Heideman, N., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hitchmough, R., Hollingsworth, B., Hutchinson, M., Ineich, I., Iverson, J., Jaksic, F. M., Jenkins, R., Joger, U., Jose, R., Kaska, Y., Kaya, U., Keogh, J. S., K枚hler, G., Kuchling, G., Kumluta艧, Y., Kwet, A., La Marca, E., Lamar, W., Lane, A., Lardner, B., Latta, C., Latta, G., Lau, M., Lavin, P., Lawson, D., LeBreton, M., Lehr, E., Limpus, D., Malhotra, A. & et al., [. V., 1 Jan 2013, In: Biological Conservation. 157, p. 372-385
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2011

• Published
  Guo, P., Liu, Q., Li, C., Chen, X., Jiang, K., Wang, Y. Z. & Malhotra, A., 1 Dec 2011, In: Journal of Biogeography. 38, 12, p. 2326鈥�2336
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A., Dawson, K., Guo, P. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 May 2011, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59, 2, p. 444-457
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2010

• Published
  Eales, J. F., Thorpe, R. S. & Malhotra, A., 1 Jul 2010, In: Molecular Ecology. 19, 14, p. 2858-2869
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Dawson, K., Thorpe, R. S. & Malhotra, A., 6 Dec 2010, In: PLoS ONE. 15, 12, p. e15204
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A., Creer, S., Pook, C. E. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Jan 2010, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54, 1, p. 172-178
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2009

• Published
  Guo, P., Malhotra, A., Creer, S. & Pook, C. E., 1 Nov 2009, In: Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 47, 4, p. 378-384
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Guo, P., Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R. S., Creer, S. & Pook, C. E., 1 Jul 2009, In: Herpetological Journal. 19, 3, p. 151-162
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Guo, P., Malhotra, A., Li, C., Creer, S., Pook, P. E. & Wen, T., 1 Jul 2009, In: Herpetological Journal. 19, 2, p. 85-96
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2008

• Published
  Thorpe, R. S., Jones, A. G., Malhotra, A. & Surget-Groba, Y., 1 Mar 2008, In: Molecular Ecology. 17, 6, p. 1489-1504
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Dawson, K., Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R. S., Guo, P., Mrinalini, [. V. & Ziegler, T., 1 Oct 2008, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49, 1, p. 356-361
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Eales, J. F., Thorpe, R. & Malhotra, A., 5 Feb 2008, In: Molecular Ecology. 17, 6, p. 1416-1426
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2006

• Published
  Sanders, K. L., Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Mar 2006, In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 87, 3, p. 343-364
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Sanders, K. L., Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R., 7 May 2006, In: Proceedings of The Royal Society B - Biological Sciences. 273, 1590, p. 1135-1141
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Creer, S., Pook, C. E., Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Feb 2006, In: Systematic Biology. 55, 1, p. 57-72
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2005

• Published
  Thorpe, R. S., Reardon, J. T. & Malhotra, A., 1 Apr 2005, In: American Naturalist. 165, 4, p. 495-504
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Creer, S., Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R. S. & Pook, C. E., 1 Aug 2005, In: Cladistics. 21, 4, p. 390-395
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Gubitz, T., Thorpe, R. & Malhotra, A., 7 Apr 2005, In: Proceedings of The Royal Society B - Biological Sciences. 272, 1564, p. 751-757
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2004

• Published
  Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Jul 2004, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32, 1, p. 83-100
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Sanders, K. L., Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Jul 2004, In: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 17, 4, p. 721-731
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Stenson, A. G., Thorpe, R. S. & Malhotra, A., 1 Jul 2004, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32, 1, p. 1-10
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Jun 2004, In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 82, 2, p. 219-235
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R. S. & Stuart, B. L., 1 Apr 2004, In: Herpetological Journal. 14, 2, p. 65-77
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Jan 2004, In: Herpetological Journal. 14, 1, p. 21-33
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Herrmann, H. W., Ziegler, T., Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R. & Parkinson, C. L., 1 May 2004, In: Herpetologica. 60, 2, p. 211-221
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Creer, S., Thorpe, R., Malhotra, A., Chou, W. H. & Stenson, A. G., 1 Jan 2004, In: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 17, 1, p. 100-107
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2003

• Published
  Creer, S., Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Aug 2003, In: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20, 8, p. 1240-1251
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Creer, S., Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R., Stocklin, R. S., Favreau, P. S. & Chou, W. S., 1 Mar 2003, In: Journal of Molecular Evolution. 56, 3, p. 317-329
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2002

• Published
  Creer, S., Chou, W. H., Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Aug 2002, In: Zoological Science. 19, 8, p. 907-913
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Stenson, A. G., Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Sept 2002, In: Molecular Ecology. 11, 9, p. 1679-1688
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2001

• Published
  Creer, S., Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R. S. & Chou, W. H., 1 Aug 2001, In: Molecular Ecology. 10, 8, p. 1967-1981
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Giannasi, N., Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Apr 2001, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 19, 1, p. 57-66
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Giannasi, N., Thorpe, R. S. & Malhotra, A., 1 Feb 2001, In: Molecular Ecology. 10, 2, p. 419-426
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2000

• Published
  Giannasi, N., Thorpe, R. S. & Malhotra, A., 1 Feb 2000, In: Molecular Ecology. 9, 2, p. 193-202
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Aug 2000, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 16, 2, p. 199-211
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Gubitz, T., Thorpe, R. S. & Malhotra, A., 1 Sept 2000, In: Molecular Ecology. 9, 9, p. 1213-1221
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review
• Published
  Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R. S., 1 Feb 2000, In: Evolution. 54, 1, p. 245-258
  Research output: Contribution to journal 鈥� Article 鈥� peer-review

2024

• 5 Aug 2024 鈥� 9 Aug 2024

  Activity: Participation in Academic conference (Speaker)

2022

• While substantial advances have been made in recent years in elucidating the phylogeny and systematics of pitvipers, phylogenies of the Asian representatives are still predominantly based on mitochondrial loci, and many species have been described on the basis of a very limited geographic sampling and an emphasis on colour pattern differences. This not only leaves their validity open to question but also fails to meet the needs of medical and conservation practitioners for whom the distribution of species is vital information. In this talk I will describe the combined analysis of a geographically comprehensive morphological and molecular data collected over a 30-year period in one of the most wide-ranging and iconic pitviper groups, the white-lipped pitviper (Trimeresurus albolabris) complex, showing how a combination of these data is far more valuable than one data type alone. However, whether to treat resulting units as full species or subspecies is still a matter of interpretation and I will use this talk as an opportunity to seek the views of the attendees.

  14 Jul 2022

  Activity: Invited talk (Keynote speaker)

2021

• Green pitvipers are responsible for the majority of bites in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. Most are considered low priority species and most bites can be treated without the use of antivenom; however, a few bites produce more serious symptoms. Ongoing taxonomic confusion and uncertainty about distribution of

  species makes these cases difficult to explain. Here, we report on new data from north and northeast India, where the green pitvipers present are more related to SE Asian taxa (Trimeresurus sensu stricto, Viridovipera, Popeia, Himalayophis) than to those in the rest of Peninsular India (Craspedocephalus). We characterised the proteomic content of the venom of representatives of Viridovipera, Popeia and Trimeresurus and performed in-vitro biochemical assays to understand venom composition and their pathophysiological roles. These venoms display diverse PLA2 activity, coagulation activity, thrombin-like activity, haemolytic activity and

  proteolytic activity which correlate with clinical manifestations, with both local symptoms, such as extensive swelling and pain, as well as systemic abnormalities such as long-lasting (5-10 days) coagulopathy. Immuno-reactivity studies with Indian Polyvalent antivenoms showed inefficient neutralizations of venom toxins of the studied venoms, especially of lower molecular weight proteins, while Thai Green Pitviper antivenom was ineffective against venom of Popeia and Viridovipera spp. venom but showed good neutralization of Trimeresurus species venom. As the Thai green pitviper antivenom is raised against the venom of a related

  species, Trimeresurus albolabris, this underlines the utility of taking the recent taxonomic revision of Trimeresurus sensu lato into account.

  25 Aug 2021

  Activity: Invited talk (Invited speaker)

2018

• Poster presented as part of Global Snakebite Initiative stand

  Nov 2018

  Activity: Participation in Academic conference (Participant)

• 7 Aug 2018

  Activity: Participation in Academic workshop, seminar, course (Speaker)

2017

• Discussion workshop with the objective of reviewing the current situation around underpinning research, clinical management, antivenom manufacturing, epidemiology and education/awareness, and identifying an action-oriented plan for mitigation of snakebite

  Dec 2017

  Activity: Participation in Academic workshop, seminar, course (Organiser)

2015

• Editorial Board member

  2015 鈫�

  Links:

  Activity: Editorial activity (Editorial board member)

• 01/04/2023 鈥� 06/06/2024 (Finished)

• 10/08/2021 鈥� 30/09/2024 (Finished)

• 01/04/2020 鈥� 01/08/2022 (Curtailed)

• 15/12/2013 鈥� 01/08/2019 (Finished)

  Description

  India has the globally highest annual death rate from venomous snake bites and in some states it is the largest contributor to mortality, exceeding even AIDS and malaria. Data on snakebite is significantly lacking from the north-eastern and Himalayan belt States, where the 鈥淏ig Four鈥� medically significant venomous snakes are replaced by different sets of venomous snakes. This has serious consequences for the ability to treat cases of snakebite.

  Clinical management of snakebites requires timely administration of antivenom (referred to in India as anti-snake-venom serum, or ASVS), neutralizing the life-threatening toxins in snake venom. However, venom composition varies both between and within species, and so the design and production of efficient antivenins depends on thorough understanding of venomous snake diversity and distribution. The resulting biological information and standards from this project will contribute to improving the outcome of snakebite and provide a baseline for future work.

  This project is funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under the grant agreement number PIRSES-GA-2013-612131, with additional funding from the 香港六合彩挂牌资料 ESRC Impact Acceleration Account.

  Links:

• 31/07/2007 鈥� 08/12/2009 (Finished)